#line 1 "library/my_template.hpp"
#if defined(LOCAL)
#include <my_template_compiled.hpp>
#else
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

using ll = long long;
using u32 = unsigned int;
using u64 = unsigned long long;
using i128 = __int128;

template <class T>
constexpr T infty = 0;
template <>
constexpr int infty<int> = 1'000'000'000;
template <>
constexpr ll infty<ll> = ll(infty<int>) * infty<int> * 2;
template <>
constexpr u32 infty<u32> = infty<int>;
template <>
constexpr u64 infty<u64> = infty<ll>;
template <>
constexpr i128 infty<i128> = i128(infty<ll>) * infty<ll>;
template <>
constexpr double infty<double> = infty<ll>;
template <>
constexpr long double infty<long double> = infty<ll>;

using pi = pair<ll, ll>;
using vi = vector<ll>;
template <class T>
using vc = vector<T>;
template <class T>
using vvc = vector<vc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvc = vector<vvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvvc = vector<vvvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using vvvvvc = vector<vvvvc<T>>;
template <class T>
using pq = priority_queue<T>;
template <class T>
using pqg = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;

#define vv(type, name, h, ...) \
  vector<vector<type>> name(h, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__))
#define vvv(type, name, h, w, ...)   \
  vector<vector<vector<type>>> name( \
      h, vector<vector<type>>(w, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__)))
#define vvvv(type, name, a, b, c, ...)       \
  vector<vector<vector<vector<type>>>> name( \
      a, vector<vector<vector<type>>>(       \
             b, vector<vector<type>>(c, vector<type>(__VA_ARGS__))))

// https://trap.jp/post/1224/
#define FOR1(a) for (ll _ = 0; _ < ll(a); ++_)
#define FOR2(i, a) for (ll i = 0; i < ll(a); ++i)
#define FOR3(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); ++i)
#define FOR4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); i += (c))
#define FOR1_R(a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i)
#define FOR2_R(i, a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i)
#define FOR3_R(i, a, b) for (ll i = (b)-1; i >= ll(a); --i)
#define overload4(a, b, c, d, e, ...) e
#define overload3(a, b, c, d, ...) d
#define FOR(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, FOR4, FOR3, FOR2, FOR1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR_R(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__, FOR3_R, FOR2_R, FOR1_R)(__VA_ARGS__)

#define FOR_subset(t, s) \
  for (ll t = (s); t >= 0; t = (t == 0 ? -1 : (t - 1) & (s)))
#define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
#define len(x) ll(x.size())
#define elif else if

#define eb emplace_back
#define mp make_pair
#define mt make_tuple
#define fi first
#define se second

#define stoi stoll

int popcnt(int x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); }
int popcnt(u32 x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); }
int popcnt(ll x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); }
int popcnt(u64 x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); }
// (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 1, 2)
int topbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); }
int topbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); }
int topbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); }
int topbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); }
// (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 0, 2)
int lowbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); }
int lowbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); }
int lowbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); }
int lowbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); }

template <typename T, typename U>
T ceil(T x, U y) {
  return (x > 0 ? (x + y - 1) / y : x / y);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
T floor(T x, U y) {
  return (x > 0 ? x / y : (x - y + 1) / y);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
pair<T, T> divmod(T x, U y) {
  T q = floor(x, y);
  return {q, x - q * y};
}

template <typename T, typename U>
T SUM(const vector<U> &A) {
  T sum = 0;
  for (auto &&a: A) sum += a;
  return sum;
}

#define MIN(v) *min_element(all(v))
#define MAX(v) *max_element(all(v))
#define LB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), lower_bound(all(c), (x)))
#define UB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), upper_bound(all(c), (x)))
#define UNIQUE(x) \
  sort(all(x)), x.erase(unique(all(x)), x.end()), x.shrink_to_fit()

template <typename T>
T POP(deque<T> &que) {
  T a = que.front();
  que.pop_front();
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(pq<T> &que) {
  T a = que.top();
  que.pop();
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(pqg<T> &que) {
  assert(!que.empty());
  T a = que.top();
  que.pop();
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
T POP(vc<T> &que) {
  assert(!que.empty());
  T a = que.back();
  que.pop_back();
  return a;
}

template <typename F>
ll binary_search(F check, ll ok, ll ng) {
  assert(check(ok));
  while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) {
    auto x = (ng + ok) / 2;
    tie(ok, ng) = (check(x) ? mp(x, ng) : mp(ok, x));
  }
  return ok;
}
template <typename F>
double binary_search_real(F check, double ok, double ng, int iter = 100) {
  FOR(iter) {
    double x = (ok + ng) / 2;
    tie(ok, ng) = (check(x) ? mp(x, ng) : mp(ok, x));
  }
  return (ok + ng) / 2;
}

template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmax(T &a, const S &b) {
  return (a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmin(T &a, const S &b) {
  return (a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}

// ? は -1
vc<int> s_to_vi(const string &S, char first_char) {
  vc<int> A(S.size());
  FOR(i, S.size()) { A[i] = (S[i] != '?' ? S[i] - first_char : -1); }
  return A;
}

template <typename T, typename U>
vector<T> cumsum(vector<U> &A, int off = 1) {
  int N = A.size();
  vector<T> B(N + 1);
  FOR(i, N) { B[i + 1] = B[i] + A[i]; }
  if (off == 0) B.erase(B.begin());
  return B;
}

// stable sort
template <typename T>
vector<int> argsort(const vector<T> &A) {
  vector<int> ids(len(A));
  iota(all(ids), 0);
  sort(all(ids),
       [&](int i, int j) { return (A[i] == A[j] ? i < j : A[i] < A[j]); });
  return ids;
}

// A[I[0]], A[I[1]], ...
template <typename T>
vc<T> rearrange(const vc<T> &A, const vc<int> &I) {
  vc<T> B(len(I));
  FOR(i, len(I)) B[i] = A[I[i]];
  return B;
}
#endif
#line 1 "library/other/io.hpp"
// based on yosupo's fastio
#include <unistd.h>

namespace fastio {
#define FASTIO
// クラスが read(), print() を持っているかを判定するメタ関数
struct has_write_impl {
  template <class T>
  static auto check(T &&x) -> decltype(x.write(), std::true_type{});

  template <class T>
  static auto check(...) -> std::false_type;
};

template <class T>
class has_write : public decltype(has_write_impl::check<T>(std::declval<T>())) {
};

struct has_read_impl {
  template <class T>
  static auto check(T &&x) -> decltype(x.read(), std::true_type{});

  template <class T>
  static auto check(...) -> std::false_type;
};

template <class T>
class has_read : public decltype(has_read_impl::check<T>(std::declval<T>())) {};

struct Scanner {
  FILE *fp;
  char line[(1 << 15) + 1];
  size_t st = 0, ed = 0;
  void reread() {
    memmove(line, line + st, ed - st);
    ed -= st;
    st = 0;
    ed += fread(line + ed, 1, (1 << 15) - ed, fp);
    line[ed] = '\0';
  }
  bool succ() {
    while (true) {
      if (st == ed) {
        reread();
        if (st == ed) return false;
      }
      while (st != ed && isspace(line[st])) st++;
      if (st != ed) break;
    }
    if (ed - st <= 50) {
      bool sep = false;
      for (size_t i = st; i < ed; i++) {
        if (isspace(line[i])) {
          sep = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!sep) reread();
    }
    return true;
  }
  template <class T, enable_if_t<is_same<T, string>::value, int> = 0>
  bool read_single(T &ref) {
    if (!succ()) return false;
    while (true) {
      size_t sz = 0;
      while (st + sz < ed && !isspace(line[st + sz])) sz++;
      ref.append(line + st, sz);
      st += sz;
      if (!sz || st != ed) break;
      reread();
    }
    return true;
  }
  template <class T, enable_if_t<is_integral<T>::value, int> = 0>
  bool read_single(T &ref) {
    if (!succ()) return false;
    bool neg = false;
    if (line[st] == '-') {
      neg = true;
      st++;
    }
    ref = T(0);
    while (isdigit(line[st])) { ref = 10 * ref + (line[st++] & 0xf); }
    if (neg) ref = -ref;
    return true;
  }
  template <typename T,
            typename enable_if<has_read<T>::value>::type * = nullptr>
  inline bool read_single(T &x) {
    x.read();
    return true;
  }
  bool read_single(double &ref) {
    string s;
    if (!read_single(s)) return false;
    ref = std::stod(s);
    return true;
  }
  bool read_single(char &ref) {
    string s;
    if (!read_single(s) || s.size() != 1) return false;
    ref = s[0];
    return true;
  }
  template <class T>
  bool read_single(vector<T> &ref) {
    for (auto &d: ref) {
      if (!read_single(d)) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }
  template <class T, class U>
  bool read_single(pair<T, U> &p) {
    return (read_single(p.first) && read_single(p.second));
  }
  template <size_t N = 0, typename T>
  void read_single_tuple(T &t) {
    if constexpr (N < std::tuple_size<T>::value) {
      auto &x = std::get<N>(t);
      read_single(x);
      read_single_tuple<N + 1>(t);
    }
  }
  template <class... T>
  bool read_single(tuple<T...> &tpl) {
    read_single_tuple(tpl);
    return true;
  }
  void read() {}
  template <class H, class... T>
  void read(H &h, T &... t) {
    bool f = read_single(h);
    assert(f);
    read(t...);
  }
  Scanner(FILE *fp) : fp(fp) {}
};

struct Printer {
  Printer(FILE *_fp) : fp(_fp) {}
  ~Printer() { flush(); }

  static constexpr size_t SIZE = 1 << 15;
  FILE *fp;
  char line[SIZE], small[50];
  size_t pos = 0;
  void flush() {
    fwrite(line, 1, pos, fp);
    pos = 0;
  }
  void write(const char val) {
    if (pos == SIZE) flush();
    line[pos++] = val;
  }
  template <class T, enable_if_t<is_integral<T>::value, int> = 0>
  void write(T val) {
    if (pos > (1 << 15) - 50) flush();
    if (val == 0) {
      write('0');
      return;
    }
    if (val < 0) {
      write('-');
      val = -val; // todo min
    }
    size_t len = 0;
    while (val) {
      small[len++] = char(0x30 | (val % 10));
      val /= 10;
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) { line[pos + i] = small[len - 1 - i]; }
    pos += len;
  }
  void write(const string s) {
    for (char c: s) write(c);
  }
  void write(const char *s) {
    size_t len = strlen(s);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) write(s[i]);
  }
  void write(const double x) {
    ostringstream oss;
    oss << fixed << setprecision(15) << x;
    string s = oss.str();
    write(s);
  }
  void write(const long double x) {
    ostringstream oss;
    oss << fixed << setprecision(15) << x;
    string s = oss.str();
    write(s);
  }
  template <typename T,
            typename enable_if<has_write<T>::value>::type * = nullptr>
  inline void write(T x) {
    x.write();
  }
  template <class T>
  void write(const vector<T> val) {
    auto n = val.size();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if (i) write(' ');
      write(val[i]);
    }
  }
  template <class T, class U>
  void write(const pair<T, U> val) {
    write(val.first);
    write(' ');
    write(val.second);
  }
  template <size_t N = 0, typename T>
  void write_tuple(const T t) {
    if constexpr (N < std::tuple_size<T>::value) {
      if constexpr (N > 0) { write(' '); }
      const auto x = std::get<N>(t);
      write(x);
      write_tuple<N + 1>(t);
    }
  }
  template <class... T>
  bool write(tuple<T...> tpl) {
    write_tuple(tpl);
    return true;
  }
  template <class T, size_t S>
  void write(const array<T, S> val) {
    auto n = val.size();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if (i) write(' ');
      write(val[i]);
    }
  }
  void write(i128 val) {
    string s;
    bool negative = 0;
    if (val < 0) {
      negative = 1;
      val = -val;
    }
    while (val) {
      s += '0' + int(val % 10);
      val /= 10;
    }
    if (negative) s += "-";
    reverse(all(s));
    if (len(s) == 0) s = "0";
    write(s);
  }
};
Scanner scanner = Scanner(stdin);
Printer printer = Printer(stdout);
void flush() { printer.flush(); }
void print() { printer.write('\n'); }
template <class Head, class... Tail>
void print(Head &&head, Tail &&... tail) {
  printer.write(head);
  if (sizeof...(Tail)) printer.write(' ');
  print(forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

void read() {}
template <class Head, class... Tail>
void read(Head &head, Tail &... tail) {
  scanner.read(head);
  read(tail...);
}
} // namespace fastio
using fastio::print;
using fastio::flush;
using fastio::read;

#define INT(...)   \
  int __VA_ARGS__; \
  read(__VA_ARGS__)
#define LL(...)   \
  ll __VA_ARGS__; \
  read(__VA_ARGS__)
#define STR(...)      \
  string __VA_ARGS__; \
  read(__VA_ARGS__)
#define CHAR(...)   \
  char __VA_ARGS__; \
  read(__VA_ARGS__)
#define DBL(...)      \
  double __VA_ARGS__; \
  read(__VA_ARGS__)

#define VEC(type, name, size) \
  vector<type> name(size);    \
  read(name)
#define VV(type, name, h, w)                     \
  vector<vector<type>> name(h, vector<type>(w)); \
  read(name)

void YES(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "YES" : "NO"); }
void NO(bool t = 1) { YES(!t); }
void Yes(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "Yes" : "No"); }
void No(bool t = 1) { Yes(!t); }
void yes(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "yes" : "no"); }
void no(bool t = 1) { yes(!t); }
#line 2 "library/alg/monoid/add.hpp"

template <typename X>
struct Monoid_Add {
  using value_type = X;
  static constexpr X op(const X &x, const X &y) noexcept { return x + y; }
  static constexpr X inverse(const X &x) noexcept { return -x; }
  static constexpr X power(const X &x, ll n) noexcept { return X(n) * x; }
  static constexpr X unit() { return X(0); }
  static constexpr bool commute = true;
};
#line 3 "library/ds/fenwicktree/fenwicktree.hpp"

template <typename Monoid>
struct FenwickTree {
  using G = Monoid;
  using E = typename G::value_type;
  int n;
  vector<E> dat;
  E total;

  FenwickTree() {}
  FenwickTree(int n) { build(n); }
  template <typename F>
  FenwickTree(int n, F f) {
    build(n, f);
  }
  FenwickTree(const vc<E>& v) { build(v); }

  void build(int m) {
    n = m;
    dat.assign(m, G::unit());
    total = G::unit();
  }
  void build(const vc<E>& v) {
    build(len(v), [&](int i) -> E { return v[i]; });
  }
  template <typename F>
  void build(int m, F f) {
    n = m;
    dat.clear();
    dat.reserve(n);
    total = G::unit();
    FOR(i, n) { dat.eb(f(i)); }
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
      int j = i + (i & -i);
      if (j <= n) dat[j - 1] = G::op(dat[i - 1], dat[j - 1]);
    }
    total = prefix_sum(m);
  }

  E prod_all() { return total; }
  E sum_all() { return total; }
  E sum(int k) { return prefix_sum(k); }
  E prod(int k) { return prefix_prod(k); }
  E prefix_sum(int k) { return prefix_prod(k); }
  E prefix_prod(int k) {
    chmin(k, n);
    E ret = G::unit();
    for (; k > 0; k -= k & -k) ret = G::op(ret, dat[k - 1]);
    return ret;
  }
  E sum(int L, int R) { return prod(L, R); }
  E prod(int L, int R) {
    chmax(L, 0), chmin(R, n);
    if (L == 0) return prefix_prod(R);
    assert(0 <= L && L <= R && R <= n);
    E pos = G::unit(), neg = G::unit();
    while (L < R) { pos = G::op(pos, dat[R - 1]), R -= R & -R; }
    while (R < L) { neg = G::op(neg, dat[L - 1]), L -= L & -L; }
    return G::op(pos, G::inverse(neg));
  }

  void add(int k, E x) { multiply(k, x); }
  void multiply(int k, E x) {
    static_assert(G::commute);
    total = G::op(total, x);
    for (++k; k <= n; k += k & -k) dat[k - 1] = G::op(dat[k - 1], x);
  }

  template <class F>
  int max_right(const F check) {
    assert(check(G::unit()));
    int i = 0;
    E s = G::unit();
    int k = 1;
    while (2 * k <= n) k *= 2;
    while (k) {
      if (i + k - 1 < len(dat)) {
        E t = G::op(s, dat[i + k - 1]);
        if (check(t)) { i += k, s = t; }
      }
      k >>= 1;
    }
    return i;
  }

  int kth(E k) {
    return max_right([&k](E x) -> bool { return x <= k; });
  }
};
#line 3 "library/seq/inversion.hpp"

template <typename T, bool SMALL>
ll inversion(vc<T> A) {
  if (A.empty()) return 0;
  if (!SMALL) {
    auto key = A;
    UNIQUE(key);
    for (auto&& x: A) x = LB(key, x);
  }
  ll ANS = 0;
  ll K = MAX(A) + 1;
  FenwickTree<Monoid_Add<int>> bit(K);
  for (auto&& x: A) {
    ANS += bit.sum(x + 1, K);
    bit.add(x, 1);
  }
  return ANS;
}

// i 番目：A_i が先頭になるように rotate したときの転倒数
template <typename T, bool SMALL>
vi inversion_rotate(vc<T>& A) {
  const int N = len(A);
  if (!SMALL) {
    auto key = A;
    UNIQUE(key);
    for (auto&& x: A) x = LB(key, x);
  }
  ll K = MAX(A) + 1;
  ll ANS = 0;
  FenwickTree<Monoid_Add<int>> bit(K);
  for (auto&& x: A) {
    ANS += bit.sum(x + 1, K);
    bit.add(x, 1);
  }
  vi res(N);
  FOR(i, N) {
    res[i] = ANS;
    ll x = A[i];
    ANS = ANS + bit.sum(x + 1, K) - bit.prefix_sum(x);
  }
  return res;
}

// inv[i][j] = inversion A[i:j) であるような (N+1, N+1) テーブル
template <typename T>
vvc<int> all_range_inversion(vc<T>& A) {
  int N = len(A);
  vv(int, dp, N + 1, N + 1);
  FOR_R(L, N + 1) FOR(R, L + 2, N + 1) {
    dp[L][R] = dp[L][R - 1] + dp[L + 1][R] - dp[L + 1][R - 1];
    if (A[L] > A[R - 1]) ++dp[L][R];
  }
  return dp;
}
#line 2 "library/convex/larsch.hpp"

// https://noshi91.github.io/Library/algorithm/larsch.cpp.html
template <class T>
class LARSCH {
  struct reduce_row;
  struct reduce_col;

  struct reduce_row {
    int n;
    std::function<T(int, int)> f;
    int cur_row;
    int state;
    std::unique_ptr<reduce_col> rec;

    reduce_row(int n_) : n(n_), f(), cur_row(0), state(0), rec() {
      const int m = n / 2;
      if (m != 0) { rec = std::make_unique<reduce_col>(m); }
    }

    void set_f(std::function<T(int, int)> f_) {
      f = f_;
      if (rec) {
        rec->set_f([&](int i, int j) -> T { return f(2 * i + 1, j); });
      }
    }

    int get_argmin() {
      const int cur_row_ = cur_row;
      cur_row += 1;
      if (cur_row_ % 2 == 0) {
        const int prev_argmin = state;
        const int next_argmin = [&]() {
          if (cur_row_ + 1 == n) {
            return n - 1;
          } else {
            return rec->get_argmin();
          }
        }();
        state = next_argmin;
        int ret = prev_argmin;
        for (int j = prev_argmin + 1; j <= next_argmin; j += 1) {
          if (f(cur_row_, ret) > f(cur_row_, j)) { ret = j; }
        }
        return ret;
      } else {
        if (f(cur_row_, state) <= f(cur_row_, cur_row_)) {
          return state;
        } else {
          return cur_row_;
        }
      }
    }
  };

  struct reduce_col {
    int n;
    std::function<T(int, int)> f;
    int cur_row;
    std::vector<int> cols;
    reduce_row rec;

    reduce_col(int n_) : n(n_), f(), cur_row(0), cols(), rec(n) {}

    void set_f(std::function<T(int, int)> f_) {
      f = f_;
      rec.set_f([&](int i, int j) -> T { return f(i, cols[j]); });
    }

    int get_argmin() {
      const int cur_row_ = cur_row;
      cur_row += 1;
      const auto cs = [&]() -> std::vector<int> {
        if (cur_row_ == 0) {
          return {{0}};
        } else {
          return {{2 * cur_row_ - 1, 2 * cur_row_}};
        }
      }();
      for (const int j: cs) {
        while ([&]() {
          const int size = cols.size();
          return size != cur_row_ && f(size - 1, cols.back()) > f(size - 1, j);
        }()) {
          cols.pop_back();
        }
        if (int(cols.size()) != n) { cols.push_back(j); }
      }
      return cols[rec.get_argmin()];
    }
  };

  std::unique_ptr<reduce_row> base;

public:
  LARSCH(int n, std::function<T(int, int)> f)
      : base(std::make_unique<reduce_row>(n)) {
    base->set_f(f);
  }

  int get_argmin() { return base->get_argmin(); }
};
#line 2 "library/convex/smawk.hpp"
// select(i,j,k) は (i,j) と (i,k) のうち選ぶ方（j or k）
template <typename F>
vc<int> SMAWK(int H, int W, F select) {
  auto dfs = [&](auto& dfs, vc<int> X, vc<int> Y) -> vc<int> {
    int N = len(X);
    if (N == 0) return {};
    vc<int> YY;
    for (auto&& y: Y) {
      while (len(YY)) {
        int py = YY.back(), x = X[len(YY) - 1];
        if (select(x, py, y) == py) break;
        YY.pop_back();
      }
      if (len(YY) < len(X)) YY.eb(y);
    }
    vc<int> XX;
    FOR(i, 1, len(X), 2) XX.eb(X[i]);
    vc<int> II = dfs(dfs, XX, YY);
    vc<int> I(N);
    FOR(i, len(II)) I[i + i + 1] = II[i];
    int p = 0;
    FOR(i, 0, N, 2) {
      int LIM = (i + 1 == N ? Y.back() : I[i + 1]);
      int best = Y[p];
      while (Y[p] < LIM) {
        ++p;
        best = select(X[i], best, Y[p]);
      }
      I[i] = best;
    }
    return I;
  };
  vc<int> X(H), Y(W);
  iota(all(X), 0), iota(all(Y), 0);
  return dfs(dfs, X, Y);
}
#line 3 "library/convex/monge.hpp"

// 定義域 [0, N] の範囲で f の monge 性を確認
template <typename T, typename F>
bool check_monge(int N, F f) {
  FOR(l, N + 1) FOR(k, l) FOR(j, k) FOR(i, j) {
    T lhs = f(i, l) + f(j, k);
    T rhs = f(i, k) + f(j, l);
    if (lhs < rhs) return false;
  }
  return true;
}

// newdp[j] = min (dp[i] + f(i,j))
template <typename T, typename F>
vc<T> monge_dp_update(int N, vc<T>& dp, F f) {
  assert(len(dp) == N + 1);
  auto select = [&](int i, int j, int k) -> int {
    if (i <= k) return j;
    return (dp[j] + f(j, i) > dp[k] + f(k, i) ? k : j);
  };
  vc<int> I = SMAWK(N + 1, N + 1, select);
  vc<T> newdp(N + 1, infty<T>);
  FOR(j, N + 1) {
    int i = I[j];
    chmin(newdp[j], dp[i] + f(i, j));
  }
  return newdp;
}

// 遷移回数を問わない場合
template <typename T, typename F>
vc<T> monge_shortest_path(int N, F f) {
  vc<T> dp(N + 1, infty<T>);
  dp[0] = 0;
  LARSCH<T> larsch(N, [&](int i, int j) -> T {
    ++i;
    if (i <= j) return infty<T>;
    return dp[j] + f(j, i);
  });
  FOR(r, 1, N + 1) {
    int l = larsch.get_argmin();
    dp[r] = dp[l] + f(l, r);
  }
  return dp;
}

// https://noshi91.github.io/algorithm-encyclopedia/d-edge-shortest-path-monge
// 上凸関数 calc_L(lambda) の最大値を求める問題に帰着
// |f| の上限 f_lim も渡す
template <typename T, typename F>
T monge_shortest_path_d_edge(int N, int d, T f_lim, F f) {
  assert(d <= N);
  auto calc_L = [&](T lambda) -> T {
    auto cost = [&](int frm, int to) -> T { return f(frm, to) + lambda; };
    vc<T> dp = monge_shortest_path<T>(N, cost);
    return dp[N] - lambda * d;
  };

  T L = -3 * f_lim - 10;
  T R = 3 * f_lim + 10;
  T x = binary_search([&](T x) -> bool { return calc_L(x - 1) <= calc_L(x); },
                      L, R);
  return calc_L(x);
}
#line 5 "main.cpp"

void solve() {
  LL(N, K);
  chmin(K, N - 1);
  VEC(int, A, N);
  auto cost = all_range_inversion<int>(A);
  auto f = [&](int L, int R) -> ll { return cost[L][R]; };
  ll ANS = monge_shortest_path_d_edge<ll>(N, K + 1, N * N, f);
  print(ANS);
}

signed main() {
  INT(T);
  FOR(T) solve();
  return 0;
}