#if __INCLUDE_LEVEL__ == 0

#include __BASE_FILE__

namespace {

int op(int x, int y) { return std::min(x, y); }
int e() { return 0x3f3f3f3f; }

void solve() {
  int n;
  scan(n);
  std::vector<int> s(n);
  scan(s);
  --s;

  const auto sa = atcoder::suffix_array(s, n);
  std::vector<int> isa(n);
  for (const int i : rep(n)) {
    isa[sa[i]] = i;
  }
  const auto la = atcoder::lcp_array(s, sa);
  const atcoder::segtree<int, op, e> seg(la);

  const auto lcp = [&](int i, int j) {
    if (i == j) {
      return n - i;
    }
    if (std::max(i, j) == n) {
      return 0;
    }
    i = isa[i];
    j = isa[j];
    if (j < i) {
      std::swap(i, j);
    }
    return seg.prod(i, j);
  };

  std::vector<int> z(n);
  for (const int i : rep(n)) {
    z[i] = lcp(0, i);
  }

  std::vector<std::array<i64, 2>> dec(n + 1);
  auto add = [&](int l, int r, int c0, int c1) {
    dec[l][0] += c0;
    dec[l][1] += c1;
    dec[r][0] -= c0;
    dec[r][1] -= c1;
  };
  for (const int i : rep(1, n)) {
    // for (const int k : rep(i, i + z[i])) {
    //   dec[k] += z[i] - (k - i);
    // }
    // for (const int k : rep(std::min(z[i], i))) {
    //   dec[k] += z[i] - k;
    // }
    add(i, i + z[i], z[i] + i, -1);
    add(0, std::min(z[i], i), z[i], -1);
  }
  for (const int i : rep(n)) {
    dec[i + 1][0] += dec[i][0];
    dec[i + 1][1] += dec[i][1];
  }

  std::vector<std::map<int, i64>> inc(n);
  for (const int i : rep(1, n)) {
    if (i + z[i] == n) {
      continue;
    }
    int l = lcp(z[i] + 1, i + z[i] + 1);
    if (z[i] < i) {
      inc[z[i]][s[i + z[i]]] += 1 + l;
    }
    chmin(l, i - 1);
    if (l == i - 1 && s[i + z[i] + 1 + l] == s[z[i]]) {
      l += 1 + lcp(i + z[i] + 1, i + i + z[i] + 1);
    }
    inc[i + z[i]][s[z[i]]] += 1 + l;
  }

  i64 ans = 0;
  const i64 base = std::accumulate(z.begin(), z.end(), INT64_C(0));
  for (const int i : rep(n)) {
    i64 cur = base;
    cur -= dec[i][0] + dec[i][1] * i;
    if (len(inc[i])) {
      cur += ranges::max(inc[i] | views::values);
    }
    ans += cur ^ (i + 1);
  }

  print(ans);
}

}  // namespace

int main() {
  std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  std::cin.tie(nullptr);

  int t;
  scan(t);
  while (t--) {
    solve();
  }
}

#else  // __INCLUDE_LEVEL__

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

using std::bit_ceil;

int countr_zero(unsigned int n) { return __builtin_ctz(n); }

constexpr int countr_zero_constexpr(unsigned int n) {
  int x = 0;
  while (!(n & (1 << x))) x++;
  return x;
}

}  // namespace internal

}  // namespace atcoder

namespace atcoder {

template <class S, auto op, auto e>
struct segtree {
  static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<decltype(op), std::function<S(S, S)>>,
                "op must work as S(S, S)");
  static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<decltype(e), std::function<S()>>, "e must work as S()");

 public:
  segtree() : segtree(0) {}
  explicit segtree(int n) : segtree(std::vector<S>(n, e())) {}
  explicit segtree(const std::vector<S>& v) : _n(int(v.size())) {
    size = (int)internal::bit_ceil((unsigned int)(_n));
    log = internal::countr_zero((unsigned int)size);
    d = std::vector<S>(2 * size, e());
    for (int i = 0; i < _n; i++) d[size + i] = v[i];
    for (int i = size - 1; i >= 1; i--) {
      update(i);
    }
  }

  void set(int p, S x) {
    assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
    p += size;
    d[p] = x;
    for (int i = 1; i <= log; i++) update(p >> i);
  }

  S get(int p) const {
    assert(0 <= p && p < _n);
    return d[p + size];
  }

  S prod(int l, int r) const {
    assert(0 <= l && l <= r && r <= _n);
    S sml = e(), smr = e();
    l += size;
    r += size;

    while (l < r) {
      if (l & 1) sml = op(sml, d[l++]);
      if (r & 1) smr = op(d[--r], smr);
      l >>= 1;
      r >>= 1;
    }
    return op(sml, smr);
  }

  S all_prod() const { return d[1]; }

  template <bool (*f)(S)>
  int max_right(int l) const {
    return max_right(l, [](S x) { return f(x); });
  }
  template <class F>
  int max_right(int l, F f) const {
    assert(0 <= l && l <= _n);
    assert(f(e()));
    if (l == _n) return _n;
    l += size;
    S sm = e();
    do {
      while (l % 2 == 0) l >>= 1;
      if (!f(op(sm, d[l]))) {
        while (l < size) {
          l = (2 * l);
          if (f(op(sm, d[l]))) {
            sm = op(sm, d[l]);
            l++;
          }
        }
        return l - size;
      }
      sm = op(sm, d[l]);
      l++;
    } while ((l & -l) != l);
    return _n;
  }

  template <bool (*f)(S)>
  int min_left(int r) const {
    return min_left(r, [](S x) { return f(x); });
  }
  template <class F>
  int min_left(int r, F f) const {
    assert(0 <= r && r <= _n);
    assert(f(e()));
    if (r == 0) return 0;
    r += size;
    S sm = e();
    do {
      r--;
      while (r > 1 && (r % 2)) r >>= 1;
      if (!f(op(d[r], sm))) {
        while (r < size) {
          r = (2 * r + 1);
          if (f(op(d[r], sm))) {
            sm = op(d[r], sm);
            r--;
          }
        }
        return r + 1 - size;
      }
      sm = op(d[r], sm);
    } while ((r & -r) != r);
    return 0;
  }

 private:
  int _n, size, log;
  std::vector<S> d;

  void update(int k) { d[k] = op(d[2 * k], d[2 * k + 1]); }
};

}  // namespace atcoder

namespace atcoder {

namespace internal {

std::vector<int> sa_naive(const std::vector<int>& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> sa(n);
  std::iota(sa.begin(), sa.end(), 0);
  std::sort(sa.begin(), sa.end(), [&](int l, int r) {
    if (l == r) return false;
    while (l < n && r < n) {
      if (s[l] != s[r]) return s[l] < s[r];
      l++;
      r++;
    }
    return l == n;
  });
  return sa;
}

std::vector<int> sa_doubling(const std::vector<int>& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> sa(n), rnk = s, tmp(n);
  std::iota(sa.begin(), sa.end(), 0);
  for (int k = 1; k < n; k *= 2) {
    auto cmp = [&](int x, int y) {
      if (rnk[x] != rnk[y]) return rnk[x] < rnk[y];
      int rx = x + k < n ? rnk[x + k] : -1;
      int ry = y + k < n ? rnk[y + k] : -1;
      return rx < ry;
    };
    std::sort(sa.begin(), sa.end(), cmp);
    tmp[sa[0]] = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
      tmp[sa[i]] = tmp[sa[i - 1]] + (cmp(sa[i - 1], sa[i]) ? 1 : 0);
    }
    std::swap(tmp, rnk);
  }
  return sa;
}

template <int THRESHOLD_NAIVE = 10, int THRESHOLD_DOUBLING = 40>
std::vector<int> sa_is(const std::vector<int>& s, int upper) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  if (n == 0) return {};
  if (n == 1) return {0};
  if (n == 2) {
    if (s[0] < s[1]) {
      return {0, 1};
    } else {
      return {1, 0};
    }
  }
  if (n < THRESHOLD_NAIVE) {
    return sa_naive(s);
  }
  if (n < THRESHOLD_DOUBLING) {
    return sa_doubling(s);
  }

  std::vector<int> sa(n);
  std::vector<bool> ls(n);
  for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    ls[i] = (s[i] == s[i + 1]) ? ls[i + 1] : (s[i] < s[i + 1]);
  }
  std::vector<int> sum_l(upper + 1), sum_s(upper + 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (!ls[i]) {
      sum_s[s[i]]++;
    } else {
      sum_l[s[i] + 1]++;
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i <= upper; i++) {
    sum_s[i] += sum_l[i];
    if (i < upper) sum_l[i + 1] += sum_s[i];
  }

  auto induce = [&](const std::vector<int>& lms) {
    std::fill(sa.begin(), sa.end(), -1);
    std::vector<int> buf(upper + 1);
    std::copy(sum_s.begin(), sum_s.end(), buf.begin());
    for (auto d : lms) {
      if (d == n) continue;
      sa[buf[s[d]]++] = d;
    }
    std::copy(sum_l.begin(), sum_l.end(), buf.begin());
    sa[buf[s[n - 1]]++] = n - 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      int v = sa[i];
      if (v >= 1 && !ls[v - 1]) {
        sa[buf[s[v - 1]]++] = v - 1;
      }
    }
    std::copy(sum_l.begin(), sum_l.end(), buf.begin());
    for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      int v = sa[i];
      if (v >= 1 && ls[v - 1]) {
        sa[--buf[s[v - 1] + 1]] = v - 1;
      }
    }
  };

  std::vector<int> lms_map(n + 1, -1);
  int m = 0;
  for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
    if (!ls[i - 1] && ls[i]) {
      lms_map[i] = m++;
    }
  }
  std::vector<int> lms;
  lms.reserve(m);
  for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
    if (!ls[i - 1] && ls[i]) {
      lms.push_back(i);
    }
  }

  induce(lms);

  if (m) {
    std::vector<int> sorted_lms;
    sorted_lms.reserve(m);
    for (int v : sa) {
      if (lms_map[v] != -1) sorted_lms.push_back(v);
    }
    std::vector<int> rec_s(m);
    int rec_upper = 0;
    rec_s[lms_map[sorted_lms[0]]] = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i < m; i++) {
      int l = sorted_lms[i - 1], r = sorted_lms[i];
      int end_l = (lms_map[l] + 1 < m) ? lms[lms_map[l] + 1] : n;
      int end_r = (lms_map[r] + 1 < m) ? lms[lms_map[r] + 1] : n;
      bool same = true;
      if (end_l - l != end_r - r) {
        same = false;
      } else {
        while (l < end_l) {
          if (s[l] != s[r]) {
            break;
          }
          l++;
          r++;
        }
        if (l == n || s[l] != s[r]) same = false;
      }
      if (!same) rec_upper++;
      rec_s[lms_map[sorted_lms[i]]] = rec_upper;
    }

    auto rec_sa = sa_is<THRESHOLD_NAIVE, THRESHOLD_DOUBLING>(rec_s, rec_upper);

    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
      sorted_lms[i] = lms[rec_sa[i]];
    }
    induce(sorted_lms);
  }
  return sa;
}

}  // namespace internal

std::vector<int> suffix_array(const std::vector<int>& s, int upper) {
  assert(0 <= upper);
  for (int d : s) {
    assert(0 <= d && d <= upper);
  }
  auto sa = internal::sa_is(s, upper);
  return sa;
}

template <class T>
std::vector<int> suffix_array(const std::vector<T>& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> idx(n);
  iota(idx.begin(), idx.end(), 0);
  sort(idx.begin(), idx.end(), [&](int l, int r) { return s[l] < s[r]; });
  std::vector<int> s2(n);
  int now = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (i && s[idx[i - 1]] != s[idx[i]]) now++;
    s2[idx[i]] = now;
  }
  return internal::sa_is(s2, now);
}

std::vector<int> suffix_array(const std::string& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> s2(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    s2[i] = s[i];
  }
  return internal::sa_is(s2, 255);
}

template <class T>
std::vector<int> lcp_array(const std::vector<T>& s, const std::vector<int>& sa) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  assert(n >= 1);
  std::vector<int> rnk(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    rnk[sa[i]] = i;
  }
  std::vector<int> lcp(n - 1);
  int h = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (h > 0) h--;
    if (rnk[i] == 0) continue;
    int j = sa[rnk[i] - 1];
    for (; j + h < n && i + h < n; h++) {
      if (s[j + h] != s[i + h]) break;
    }
    lcp[rnk[i] - 1] = h;
  }
  return lcp;
}

std::vector<int> lcp_array(const std::string& s, const std::vector<int>& sa) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> s2(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    s2[i] = s[i];
  }
  return lcp_array(s2, sa);
}

template <class T>
std::vector<int> z_algorithm(const std::vector<T>& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  if (n == 0) return {};
  std::vector<int> z(n);
  z[0] = 0;
  for (int i = 1, j = 0; i < n; i++) {
    int& k = z[i];
    k = (j + z[j] <= i) ? 0 : std::min(j + z[j] - i, z[i - j]);
    while (i + k < n && s[k] == s[i + k]) k++;
    if (j + z[j] < i + z[i]) j = i;
  }
  z[0] = n;
  return z;
}

std::vector<int> z_algorithm(const std::string& s) {
  int n = int(s.size());
  std::vector<int> s2(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    s2[i] = s[i];
  }
  return z_algorithm(s2);
}

}  // namespace atcoder

template <class T, class U = T>
bool chmin(T& x, U&& y) {
  return y < x && (x = std::forward<U>(y), true);
}

template <class T, class U = T>
bool chmax(T& x, U&& y) {
  return x < y && (x = std::forward<U>(y), true);
}

template <class T>
concept Range = std::ranges::range<T> && !std::convertible_to<T, std::string_view>;

template <class T>
concept TupleLike = std::__is_tuple_like<T>::value && !Range<T>;

namespace std {

istream& operator>>(istream& is, Range auto&& r) {
  for (auto&& e : r) {
    is >> e;
  }
  return is;
}

istream& operator>>(istream& is, TupleLike auto&& t) {
  return apply([&](auto&... xs) -> istream& { return (is >> ... >> xs); }, t);
}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, Range auto&& r) {
  string_view sep = "";
  for (auto&& e : r) {
    os << exchange(sep, " ") << e;
  }
  return os;
}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, TupleLike auto&& t) {
  const auto f = [&](auto&... xs) -> ostream& {
    [[maybe_unused]] string_view sep = "";
    ((os << exchange(sep, " ") << xs), ...);
    return os;
  };
  return apply(f, t);
}

#define DEF_INC_OR_DEC(op) \
  auto& operator op(Range auto&& r) { \
    for (auto&& e : r) { \
      op e; \
    } \
    return r; \
  } \
  auto& operator op(TupleLike auto&& t) { \
    apply([](auto&... xs) { (op xs, ...); }, t); \
    return t; \
  }

DEF_INC_OR_DEC(++)
DEF_INC_OR_DEC(--)

#undef DEF_INC_OR_DEC

}  // namespace std

void scan(auto&&... xs) { std::cin >> std::tie(xs...); }
void print(auto&&... xs) { std::cout << std::tie(xs...) << '\n'; }

#define FWD(...) static_cast<decltype(__VA_ARGS__)&&>(__VA_ARGS__)

template <class F>
class fix {
 public:
  explicit fix(F f) : f_(std::move(f)) {}

  decltype(auto) operator()(auto&&... xs) const { return f_(std::ref(*this), FWD(xs)...); }

 private:
  F f_;
};

template <class T>
concept LambdaExpr = std::is_placeholder_v<std::remove_cvref_t<T>> != 0 ||
                     std::is_bind_expression_v<std::remove_cvref_t<T>>;

auto operator++(LambdaExpr auto&& x, int) {
  return std::bind([](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) { return FWD(x)++; }, FWD(x));
}

auto operator--(LambdaExpr auto&& x, int) {
  return std::bind([](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) { return FWD(x)--; }, FWD(x));
}

#define DEF_UNARY_OP(op) \
  auto operator op(LambdaExpr auto&& x) { \
    return std::bind([](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) { return op FWD(x); }, FWD(x)); \
  }

DEF_UNARY_OP(++)
DEF_UNARY_OP(--)
DEF_UNARY_OP(+)
DEF_UNARY_OP(-)
DEF_UNARY_OP(~)
DEF_UNARY_OP(!)
DEF_UNARY_OP(*)
DEF_UNARY_OP(&)

#undef DEF_UNARY_OP

#define DEF_BINARY_OP(op) \
  template <class T1, class T2> \
    requires LambdaExpr<T1> || LambdaExpr<T2> \
  auto operator op(T1&& x, T2&& y) { \
    return std::bind([](auto&& x, auto&& y) -> decltype(auto) { return FWD(x) op FWD(y); }, \
                     FWD(x), FWD(y)); \
  }

DEF_BINARY_OP(+=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(-=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(*=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(/=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(%=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(^=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(&=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(|=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(<<=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(>>=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(+)
DEF_BINARY_OP(-)
DEF_BINARY_OP(*)
DEF_BINARY_OP(/)
DEF_BINARY_OP(%)
DEF_BINARY_OP(^)
DEF_BINARY_OP(&)
DEF_BINARY_OP(|)
DEF_BINARY_OP(<<)
DEF_BINARY_OP(>>)
DEF_BINARY_OP(==)
DEF_BINARY_OP(!=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(<)
DEF_BINARY_OP(>)
DEF_BINARY_OP(<=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(>=)
DEF_BINARY_OP(&&)
DEF_BINARY_OP(||)

#undef DEF_BINARY_OP

template <class T1, class T2>
  requires LambdaExpr<T1> || LambdaExpr<T2>
auto at(T1&& x, T2&& y) {
  return std::bind([](auto&& x, auto&& y) -> decltype(auto) { return FWD(x)[FWD(y)]; }, FWD(x),
                   FWD(y));
}

template <int I>
auto get(LambdaExpr auto&& x) {
  return std::bind([](auto&& x) -> decltype(auto) { return std::get<I>(FWD(x)); }, FWD(x));
}

inline auto rep(int l, int r) { return std::views::iota(std::min(l, r), r); }
inline auto rep(int n) { return rep(0, n); }
inline auto rep1(int l, int r) { return rep(l, r + 1); }
inline auto rep1(int n) { return rep(1, n + 1); }

#define len(...) static_cast<int>(ranges::distance(__VA_ARGS__))

using namespace std::literals;
using namespace std::placeholders;

namespace ranges = std::ranges;
namespace views = std::views;

using i64 = std::int64_t;

#endif  // __INCLUDE_LEVEL__