#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include<ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#include<ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
#include<ext/pb_ds/hash_policy.hpp>
#define gt getchar
#define pt putchar
#define fst first
#define scd second
#define SZ(s) ((int)s.size())
#define all(s) s.begin(),s.end()
#define pb push_back
#define eb emplace_back
typedef long long ll;
typedef double db;
typedef long double ld;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef unsigned int uint;
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
typedef pair<int,int> pii;
template<class T,class I> inline bool chkmax(T &a,I b){return b>a?a=b,1:0;}
template<class T,class I> inline bool chkmin(T &a,I b){return b<a?a=b,1:0;}
inline bool __(char ch){return ch>=48&&ch<=57;}
template<class T> inline void read(T &x){
	x=0;bool sgn=0;static char ch=gt();
	while(!__(ch)&&ch!=EOF) sgn|=(ch=='-'),ch=gt();
	while(__(ch)) x=(x<<1)+(x<<3)+(ch&15),ch=gt();
	if(sgn) x=-x;
}
template<class T,class ...I> inline void read(T &x,I &...x1){
	read(x);
	read(x1...);
}
template<class T> inline void print(T x){
	static char stk[70];short top=0;
	if(x<0) pt('-');
	do{stk[++top]=x>=0?(x%10+48):(-(x%10)+48),x/=10;}while(x);
	while(top) pt(stk[top--]);
}
template<class T> inline void printsp(T x){
	print(x);
	putchar(' ');
}
template<class T> inline void println(T x){
	print(x);
	putchar('\n');
}
int T,a,b;
inline int calc(int x){
	return x*(x-1)/2;
}
inline void solve(){
	read(a,b);
	if(a>b+1) println(b+1);
	else if(a==2) println(calc(a+b)); 
	else println((b%(a-1))*calc(b/(a-1)+2)+(b-b%(a-1))*calc(b/(a-1)+1)+b/(a-1)+1);
}
signed main(){
	read(T);
	while(T--) solve();
	return 0;
}