#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <queue>
#include <map>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <iomanip>
#define endl '\n'
#define int long long
#define rep(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i<=(b);i++)
#define rep2(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i>=(b);i--)
using namespace std;
template<typename T>
void cc(const vector<T>& tem) { for (const auto& x : tem) cout << x << ' '; cout << endl; }
template<typename T>
void cc(const T& a) { cout << a << endl; }
template<typename T1, typename T2>
void cc(const T1& a, const T2& b) { cout << a << ' ' << b << endl; }
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
void cc(const T1& a, const T2& b, const T3& c) { cout << a << ' ' << b << ' ' << c << endl; }
void cc(const string& s) { cout << s << endl; }
void fileRead() {
#ifdef LOCALL
    freopen("D:\\AADVISE\\cppvscode\\CODE\\in.txt", "r", stdin);
    freopen("D:\\AADVISE\\cppvscode\\CODE\\out.txt", "w", stdout);
#endif
}
void kuaidu() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0); }
inline int max(int a, int b) { if (a < b) return b; return a; }
inline double max(double a, double b) { if (a < b) return b; return a; }
inline int min(int a, int b) { if (a < b) return a; return b; }
inline double min(double a, double b) { if (a < b) return a; return b; }
void cmax(int& a, const int& b) { if (b > a) a = b; }
void cmin(int& a, const int& b) { if (b < a) a = b; }
void cmin(double& a, const double& b) { if (b < a) a = b; }
void cmax(double& a, const double& b) { if (b > a) a = b; }
using PII = pair<int, int>;
using i128 = __int128;
using vec_int = std::vector<int>;
using vec_char = std::vector<char>;
using vec_double = std::vector<double>;
using vec_int2 = std::vector<std::vector<int>>;
using que_int = std::queue<int>;


//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
const int N = 1e5 + 10;
const int M = 1e6 + 10;
const int mod = 1e9 + 7;
const int INF = 1e16;
int n, m, T;
//g=(kp+1)^(p-1) <=(k+1)*p     ->(k-1)*p+2 <= g <= (k+1)*p  g<=m   
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//struct or namespace:
//(m-2)/p+1
//m/p
//1000 0110
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

signed main() {
    fileRead();
    kuaidu();
    T = 1;
    cin >> T;
    while (T--) {

        int p; cin >> p >> m;
        int ans = 0;
        if ((1 ^ (p - 1)) <= m) ans++;
        if (m / p - 1 > 0) ans += m / p - 1;
        int k = m / p - 1 + 1;
        while (k >= 1 and k <= (m - 2) / p + 1) {
            if (((k * p + 1) ^ (p - 1)) <= m) ans++;
            // else break;
            k++;
        }
        cc(ans);


    }
    return 0;
}
/*


*/