#include <cstdio>

const int N = 10005;
int t, n, a[N], k;

int main() {
	scanf("%d", &t);
	while (t--) {
		scanf("%d%d", &n, &k);
		a[0] = k - 1;
		int start = 0, end = 1, len = 0, ans = 0;
		for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
			if (a[ans] & 1) ans += 1;
			if (i) {
				for (int j = end; j > start; --j) {
					a[j] += a[j - 1] >> 1;
					a[j - 1] -= a[j - 1] >> 1;
				}
				while (a[start] == 1) ++start;
				while (a[end]) ++end;
			}
			/*
			for (int i = 0; i < end; ++i) printf("%d ", a[i]);
			printf("\n");
			printf("# %d %d\n", i, ans);
			printf("\n");
			printf("\n");
			*/
		}
		printf("%d\n", ans);
		for (int i = 0; i <= n + 1; ++i) a[i] = 0;
	}
	return 0;
}