# include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
# define IOS ios::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
# define int long long
# define lowbit(x) (x & (-x))
# define fi first
# define se second
# define all(x) x.begin(), x.end()
// # define endl '\n'

inline int Read();

typedef pair<int, int> PII;
const int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int MOD = 998244353;
const int N = 1e6 + 10;

map <int, int> mp;
vector <int> v;

void Solve(){
    int p, m;
    cin >> p >> m;
    if(p == 2){
        cout << m / 2 + 1 <<"\n";
        return;
    }
    int t = max(0ll, m - p);
    int ans = max(0ll, t / p);
    // cout << ans <<" ";
    if(t % p != 0 && m > p){
        if((((ans + 1) * p) ^ (p - 1)) <= t) ans ++;
    }
    if(m >= p - 1) ans ++;
    cout << ans <<"\n";
}
signed main(){
    IOS;
    int T = 1;
    cin >> T;
    while (T--) 
        Solve();
    return 0;
}
inline int Read(){
    int x = 0, f = 1; char c = getchar();
    while (c < '0' || c > '9'){ if (c == '-') f = -1; c = getchar();}
    while (c >= '0' && c <= '9') x = x * 10 + c - '0', c = getchar();
    return x * f;
}