#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define inf 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3fll
#define debug(x) cerr<<#x<<"="<<x<<endl
using namespace std;
using ll=long long;
using ld=long double;
using pli=pair<ll,int>;
using pi=pair<int,int>;
template<typename A>
using vc=vector<A>;
inline int read()
{
    int s=0,w=1;char ch;
    while((ch=getchar())>'9'||ch<'0') if(ch=='-') w=-1;
    while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9') s=s*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar();
    return s*w;
}
inline ll lread()
{
    ll s=0,w=1;char ch;
    while((ch=getchar())>'9'||ch<'0') if(ch=='-') w=-1;
    while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9') s=s*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar();
    return s*w;
}
const int mod=998244353;
bool vis1[1000005];
bool vis2[1000005];
ll jc[3000005];
ll inv[3000005];
int pri[3000005];
int is[3000005];
int wtf[3000005];
int fa[2000005];
vc<int>a[1000005];
vc<int>w1[1000005];
vc<int>w2[1000005];
bool v[1000005];
int p[1000005];
int s[1000005];
int nx[1000005];
int n,m,c1,c2;
vc<int>now;
inline ll qow(ll a,ll b)
{
    ll ans=1;
    while(b)
    {
        if(b&1) ans=ans*a%mod;
        a=a*a%mod;
        b>>=1;
    }
    return ans;
}
inline void init(int L)
{
    for(int i=2;i<=L;i++)
    {
        if(!is[i]) pri[++pri[0]]=i;
        for(int j=1;j<=pri[0]&&i*pri[j]<=L;j++)
        {
            is[i*pri[j]]=1;
            if(i%pri[j]==0) break;
        }
    }
    for(int i=1;i<=pri[0];i++)
    {
        ll now=pri[i];
        while(now<=L) wtf[now]=pri[i],now*=pri[i];
    }
    memset(is,0,sizeof(is));

    jc[0]=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=L;i++) jc[i]=jc[i-1]*i%mod;
    inv[L]=qow(jc[L],mod-2);
    for(int i=L;i;i--) inv[i-1]=inv[i]*i%mod;
    for(int i=1;i<=L;i++) inv[i]=jc[i-1]*inv[i]%mod;
}
inline int run(int len)
{
    for(int i=2,j=0;i<=len;i++)
    {
        while(j&&s[j+1]!=s[i]) j=nx[j];
        if(s[j+1]==s[i]) j++;
        nx[i]=j;
    }
    int ans=len;
    while(nx[len])
    {
        if(len%(len-nx[len])==0) ans=min(ans,len-nx[len]);
        nx[len]=nx[nx[len]];
    }
    return ans;
}
inline ll push(int v)
{
    ll ans=1;
    for(int i=1;i<=v;i++) if(v%i==0&&wtf[i]&&!is[i])
    {
        ans=ans*wtf[i]%mod,is[i]=1;
        now.push_back(i);
    }
    return ans;
}
inline void clear()
{
    for(int i:now) is[i]=0;
    now.clear();
}
inline int find(int num)
{
    if(fa[num]==num) return num;
    return fa[num]=find(fa[num]);
}
inline ll get(int x,int y,bool &f)
{
    f=0;ll ans=1;int cnt=0;
    for(int i:w1[x]) for(int j:w2[y])
    {
        cnt++,ans=ans*cnt%mod;
        if(is[a[i][j]]) f=1;
        is[a[i][j]]++,ans=ans*inv[is[a[i][j]]]%mod;
    }
    for(int i:w1[x]) for(int j:w2[y]) is[a[i][j]]=0;
    return ans;
}
int main()
{
    int T=read();init(1000000);
    while(T--)
    {
        n=read(),m=read(),c1=c2=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
        {
            a[i].resize(m+1);
            for(int j=1;j<=m;j++) a[i][j]=read();
        }
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) p[i]=(i&1)?(i/2+1):((n+i+1)/2),v[i]=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) if(!v[i])
        {
            c1++;w1[c1].clear();vis1[c1]=0;
            for(int j=i;!v[j];j=p[j]) w1[c1].push_back(j),v[j]=1;
        }
        for(int i=1;i<=m;i++) p[i]=(i&1)?(i/2+1):((m+i+1)/2),v[i]=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=m;i++) if(!v[i])
        {
            c2++;w2[c2].clear();vis2[c2]=0;
            for(int j=i;!v[j];j=p[j]) w2[c2].push_back(j),v[j]=1;
        }

        for(int i=1;i<=c1+c2;i++) fa[i]=i;

        ll ans=1;
        for(int i=1;i<=c1;i++) if(w1[i].size()==1)
        {
            for(int j=1;j<=c2;j++)
            {
                int len=0;
                for(int p:w2[j]) s[++len]=a[w1[i][0]][p];
                ans=ans*push(run(len))%mod;
            }
            clear();
        }
        for(int i=1;i<=c2;i++) if(w2[i].size()==1)
        {
            for(int j=1;j<=c1;j++)
            {
                int len=0;
                for(int p:w1[j]) s[++len]=a[p][w2[i][0]];
                ans=ans*push(run(len))%mod;
            }
            clear();
        }
        for(int i=1;i<=c1;i++) for(int j=1;j<=c2;j++)
        {
            if(w1[i].size()==1||w2[j].size()==1) continue;
            bool f;ll val=get(i,j,f);
            if(f) ans=ans*val%mod;
            else
            {
                ans=ans*val%mod*inv[2]%mod;
                if(w1[i].size()%2==0&&w2[j].size()%2==0)
                {
                    int u=find(i),v=find(c1+j);
                    if(u!=v) ans=ans*2%mod,fa[u]=v;
                }
                else if(w1[i].size()%2==0)
                {
                    if(!vis2[j]) vis2[j]=1,ans=ans*2%mod;
                }
                else if(w2[j].size()%2==0)
                {
                    if(!vis1[i]) vis1[i]=1,ans=ans*2%mod;
                }
            }
        }
        printf("%lld\n",ans);
    }
    return 0;
}
/*
1
7 4
12  8 10 12
 7 11 10  9
 2  6  9  8
12  6  9 12
11  7 12  2
 6  7  3 11
 3 12 10  2
*/