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//                   //      //
//              ////////////////////
//                   //      //
//                 
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//          
//          
//           //     //    ////////     /\     /////////
//           //     //   //      //          //       //
//            ////////   //      //    //    //       //
//                  //   //      //    //    //       //
//////////   ////////    //      //    //     /////////////

#pragma GCC optimize(2)
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <cmath>
#include <list>
#include <stack>
#include <array>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <bitset>
#include <random>
#include <numeric>
#include <functional>
//#include <Windows.h>

using namespace std;

#define fa(i,op,n) for (int i = op; i <= n; i++)
#define fb(j,op,n) for (int j = op; j >= n; j--)
#define pb push_back
#define HashMap unordered_map
#define HashSet unordered_set
#define var auto
#define all(i) i.begin(), i.end()
#define endl '\n'
#define px first
#define py second
#define DEBUG cout<<-1<<endl

using VI = vector<int>;
using VL = vector<long long>;
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using db = double;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;

template<class T1, class T2>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const pair<T1, T2>& p) {
	out << '(' << p.first << ", " << p.second << ')';
	return out;
}

template<typename T>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const vector<T>& ve) {
	for (T i : ve)
		out << i << ' ';
	return out;
}

template<class T1, class T2>
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const map<T1, T2>& mp) {
	for (auto i : mp)
		out << i << '\n';
	return out;
}

const int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const ll LNF = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
const int IINF = 0x7fffffff;
const int iinf = 0x80000000;
const ll LINF = 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
const ll linf = 0x8000000000000000;
int dx[8] = { 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1 };
int dy[8] = { 0, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1 };

//#include "Lynia.h"

const int mod = 998244353;
const int N = 5e3 + 10;

void solve(int CASE)
{
	ll p, m; cin >> p >> m;
	ll ans = m / p;
	// p(k - 1) + 2 <= g <= p(k + 1)，g <= m
	// k 都合法   p(k + 1) <= m：
	//		k <= m / p - 1
	// k 都不合法 p(k - 1) + 2 > m：
	//		k > ceil((m - 2) / p) + 1
	// 枚举中间值
	ll l = m / p - 1 + 1, r = (m - 2 + p - 1) / p + 1;
	fa(i, l, r) {
		ans += ((i * 1ll ^ (p - 1)) % p == 1);
	}
	cout << ans << endl;
	return;
}

int main()
{
	//SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);
	ios::sync_with_stdio(0), cin.tie(0), cout.tie(0);
	int _ = 1;
	cin >> _;
	fa(i, 1, _)solve(i);
	return 0;
}