#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ll long long
#define MP make_pair
mt19937 rnd(time(0));
const int MAXN=3e6+5;
const int MOD=998244353;
int n,m;
vector<int> a[MAXN]; 
ll fac[MAXN],inf[MAXN];
int p[MAXN],q[MAXN],np,nq;bool visx[MAXN],visy[MAXN];
vector<vector<int> > ls,rs;
ll ksm(ll a,int b){ll r=1;while(b){if(b&1)r=r*a%MOD;a=a*a%MOD,b>>=1;}return r;} 
ll repeat(vector<int> a){
	int n=a.size();
	vector<int> border(n);
	border[0]=-1;
	for(int i=1;i<n;i++){
		int x=border[i-1];
		while(x>=0&&a[x+1]!=a[i]) x=border[x];
		if(a[x+1]==a[i]) x++;
		border[i]=x;
	}
	if(n%(n-1-border[n-1])) return n;
	else return n-1-border[n-1];
}
ll solve_line(int x){
	ll ans=1;
	for(auto &b:rs){
		vector<int> p;
		for(int i:b) p.push_back(a[x][i]);
		ll x=repeat(p); 
		ans=ans*x/__gcd(ans,x);
	}
	return ans;
}
ll solve_comm(int x){
	ll ans=1;
	for(auto &b:ls){
		vector<int> p;
		for(int i:b) p.push_back(a[i][x]);
		ll x=repeat(p); 
		ans=ans*x/__gcd(ans,x);
	}
	return ans;
}
void solve(){
	ls.clear(),rs.clear();
	cin>>n>>m;
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
		a[i].resize(m+1);
		for(int j=1;j<=m;j++) cin>>a[i][j];
	}
	np=nq=0;
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i+=2) p[++np]=i;
	for(int i=2;i<=n;i+=2) p[++np]=i;
	for(int i=1;i<=m;i+=2) q[++nq]=i;
	for(int i=2;i<=m;i+=2) q[++nq]=i;
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) visx[i]=false;
	for(int i=1;i<=m;i++) visy[i]=false;
	ll ans=1;
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) 
		if(p[i]!=i&&!visx[i]){
			vector<int> a;
			int t=i;
			while(!visx[t]) a.push_back(t),visx[t]=true,t=p[t]; 
			ls.push_back(a);
		}
	for(int i=1;i<=m;i++)
		if(q[i]!=i&&!visy[i]){
			vector<int> a;
			int t=i;
			while(!visy[t]) a.push_back(t),visy[t]=true,t=q[t]; 
			rs.push_back(a);
		}
	for(auto &l:ls) for(auto &r:rs){
		map<int,int> mp;
		int cnt=0;
		for(int i:l) for(int j:r){
			cnt++;mp[a[i][j]]++;
		}
		ans=ans*fac[cnt]%MOD;
		for(auto i:mp) ans=ans*inf[i.second]%MOD;
	}
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) if(p[i]==i) ans=ans*solve_line(i)%MOD;
	for(int i=1;i<=m;i++) if(q[i]==i) ans=ans*solve_comm(i)%MOD; 
	cout<<ans<<endl;
	return;
}
int main(){
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	fac[0]=inf[0]=1;
	for(int i=1;i<MAXN;i++) inf[i]=ksm(fac[i]=fac[i-1]*i%MOD,MOD-2);
	int T;cin>>T;
	while(T--) solve();
}