#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define rep(i, a, b) for(int i = a; i < (b); ++i)
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)
#define sz(x) (int)(x).size()
typedef long long ll;
typedef pair<int, int> pii;
typedef vector<int> vi;

int main() {
    cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);

    int t;
    cin >> t;

    while(t--){
        ll n, d;
        cin >> n >> d;

        if(n == 1){
            cout << "0\n";
            continue;
        }

        int l = 1, r = 60;        
        while(l < r){
            int mid = (l + r) / 2;
            ll mam = (1 << mid) - 1;
            
            if(n / mam + (n % mam > 1 ? 1 : 0) <= d)
                r = mid;
            else
                l = mid + 1;
        }

        cout << l << "\n";
    }
}