// what is matter? never mind.
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define For(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i<=(b);++i)
#define Rep(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i>=(b);--i)
using namespace std;
inline int read()
{
	char c=getchar();int x=0;bool f=0;
	for(;!isdigit(c);c=getchar())f^=!(c^45);
	for(;isdigit(c);c=getchar())x=(x<<1)+(x<<3)+(c^48);
	if(f)x=-x;return x;
}

#define mod 998244353 
struct modint{
	int x;
	modint(int o=0){x=o;}
	modint &operator = (int o){return x=o,*this;}
	modint &operator +=(modint o){return x=x+o.x>=mod?x+o.x-mod:x+o.x,*this;}
	modint &operator -=(modint o){return x=x-o.x<0?x-o.x+mod:x-o.x,*this;}
	modint &operator *=(modint o){return x=1ull*x*o.x%mod,*this;}
	modint &operator ^=(int b){
		modint a=*this,c=1;
		for(;b;b>>=1,a*=a)if(b&1)c*=a;
		return x=c.x,*this;
	}
	modint &operator /=(modint o){return *this *=o^=mod-2;}
	friend modint operator +(modint a,modint b){return a+=b;}
	friend modint operator -(modint a,modint b){return a-=b;}
	friend modint operator *(modint a,modint b){return a*=b;}
	friend modint operator /(modint a,modint b){return a/=b;}
	friend modint operator ^(modint a,int b){return a^=b;}
	friend bool operator ==(modint a,int b){return a.x==b;}
	friend bool operator !=(modint a,int b){return a.x!=b;}
	bool operator ! () {return !x;}
	modint operator - () {return x?mod-x:0;}
	bool operator <(const modint&b)const{return x<b.x;}
};
inline modint qpow(modint x,int y){return x^y;}

vector<modint> fac,ifac,iv;
inline void initC(int n)
{
	if(iv.empty())fac=ifac=iv=vector<modint>(2,1);
	int m=iv.size(); ++n;
	if(m>=n)return;
	iv.resize(n),fac.resize(n),ifac.resize(n);
	For(i,m,n-1){
		iv[i]=iv[mod%i]*(mod-mod/i);
		fac[i]=fac[i-1]*i,ifac[i]=ifac[i-1]*iv[i];
	}
}
inline modint C(int n,int m){
	if(m<0||n<m)return 0;
	return initC(n),fac[n]*ifac[m]*ifac[n-m];
}
inline modint sign(int n){return (n&1)?(mod-1):(1);}

#define fi first
#define se second
#define pb push_back
#define mkp make_pair
typedef pair<int,int>pii;
typedef vector<int>vi;

#define maxn 3000005
#define inf 0x3f3f3f3f

int T,n,m,fa[maxn];
vector<vector<int>>a,vis;
long long lc[maxn];

int gf(int x){
	while(x^fa[x])x=fa[x]=fa[fa[x]];
	return x;
}
int cnt[maxn],hav[maxn];

int nxt[maxn];
int period(vi s){
	int n=s.size(); nxt[1]=0;
	int j=0;
	For(i,1,n-1){
		while(j&&s[j]!=s[i])j=nxt[j];
		if(s[j]==s[i])++j; nxt[i+1]=j;
	}
	int d=n-nxt[n];
	if(n%d==0)return d;
	else return n;
}
int sz[maxn];

void work(int O)
{
	n=read(),m=read();
	a.resize(n),vis.resize(n);
	For(i,0,n-1){
		a[i].resize(m);
		vis[i].resize(m);
		For(j,0,m-1)a[i][j]=read(),vis[i][j]=0;
	}
//	if(O==24){
//		int tot=0;
//		For(i,0,n-1){
//			For(j,0,m-1){
//				if(!cnt[a[i][j]])cnt[a[i][j]]=++tot;
//				cout<<cnt[a[i][j]]<<" \n"[j==m-1];
//			}
//		}
//	}
//	if(T>70000)return;
	For(i,0,n+m-1)fa[i]=i,lc[i]=1,hav[i]=0,sz[i]=0;
	modint res=1;
	For(i,0,n-1)
		For(j,0,m-1){
			if(vis[i][j])continue;
			int x=i,y=j;
			vi ox,oy;
			while(!vis[x][y]){
				vis[x][y]=1,ox.pb(x);
				x=(x%2==0?x/2:x/2+(n+1)/2);
			}
			x=i,y=j,vis[x][y]=0;
			while(!vis[x][y]){
				vis[x][y]=1,oy.pb(y);
				y=(y%2==0?y/2:y/2+(m+1)/2);
			}
			for(int x:ox)for(int y:oy)vis[x][y]=1;
			if(ox.size()>1 && oy.size()>1){
				bool bo=1;
				for(int x:ox)
					for(int y:oy){
						++cnt[a[x][y]];
						res*=iv[cnt[a[x][y]]];
						if(cnt[a[x][y]]>1)bo=0; 
					}
				res*=fac[ox.size()*oy.size()];
				if(bo){
					res*=((mod+1)/2);
					if(ox.size()%2==0 && oy.size()%2==0) fa[gf(i)]=gf(n+j);
					else if(ox.size()%2==0) hav[i]=1;
					else if(oy.size()%2==0) hav[n+j]=1;
				}
				for(int x:ox)
					for(int y:oy)
						cnt[a[x][y]]=0; 
			}
			else if(ox.size()>1 || oy.size()>1){
				vi s; int u;
				if(ox.size()>1){
					u=n+j;
					for(int x:ox) s.pb(a[x][j]);
				}else{
					u=i;
					for(int x:oy) s.pb(a[i][x]);
				}
				long long len=period(s);
				lc[u]=lc[u]/__gcd(lc[u],len)*len;
			}
		}
	For(i,0,n+m-1){
		lc[i]%=mod;
		res*=lc[i];
		hav[gf(i)]|=hav[i];
	}
//	cout<<res.x<<"\n";
	For(i,0,n+m-1) sz[gf(i)]++;
	For(i,0,n+m-1)
		if(gf(i)==i){
			res*=qpow(2,sz[i]-(!hav[i]));
			sz[i]=0;
		}
	cout<<res.x<<"\n"; 
}

signed main()
{
	initC(1000005);
	T=read();
	For(_,1,T)work(_);
	return 0;
}
/*
1
8 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
32 41 42 43 44 45 44 46
8 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
23 54 4 55 56 57 58 59

*/