#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;
using ll = long long int;
template <typename T> using V = vector<T>;

#define dl "\n"

int main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);

    ll T;
    cin >> T;

    while (T--) {
        ll n, m, k;
        cin >> n >> m >> k;

        if (n != m) {
            cout << "ignored" << dl;
            continue;
        }

        V<V<ll>> dp(n + 1, V<ll>(k + 1));
        dp[0][0] = -1;

        for (ll i = 1; i < n + 1; i++) {
            for (ll j = 1; j < k + 1; j++) {
                if (i - 2 >= 0 && dp[i - 2][j - 1] != 0)
                    dp[i][j] = 1;
                if (i - 2 >= 0 && j - i + 1 >= 0 && dp[i][j] == 0 && dp[i - 2][j - i + 1] != 0)
                    dp[i][j] = 2;
            }
        }

        if (dp[n][k] == 0) {
            cout << "NO" << dl;
            continue;
        }

        cout << "YES" << dl;
        V<V<ll>> grid(n, V<ll>(n, 0));
        auto draw = [&](ll x, ll y, ll x_len, ll y_len, ll color) {
            for (ll i = x; i < x + x_len; i++) {
                grid[x][i] = color;
                grid[x + x_len - 1][i] = color;
            }
            for (ll i = y; i < y + y_len; i++) {
                grid[i][y] = color;
                grid[i][y + y_len - 1] = color;
            }
        };

        ll sidelen = n, colors = k;
        ll x = 0, y = 0;
        while (sidelen > 0 && colors > 0) {
            if (dp[sidelen][colors] == 1) {
                draw(x, y, sidelen, sidelen, colors);
                x++;
                y++;
                colors--;
            } else if (dp[sidelen][colors] == 2) {
                for (ll myx = x; myx < x + sidelen; myx += 2) {
                    for (ll i = myx; i < myx + 2; i++) {
                        for (ll j = y; j < y + 2; j++) {
                            grid[i][j] = colors;
                        }
                    }
                    colors--;
                }
                for (ll myy = y + 2; myy < y + sidelen; myy += 2) {
                    for (ll i = myy; i < myy + 2; i++) {
                        for (ll j = x; j < x + 2; j++) {
                            grid[j][i] = colors;
                        }
                    }
                    colors--;
                }
                x += 2;
                y += 2;
            } else {
                break;
            }

            sidelen -= 2;
        }

        for (auto x : grid) {
            for (auto y : x)
                cout << y << " ";
            cout << dl;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}